Use of data from motion sensors to estimate change in position over time. It is used in robotics by some legged/wheeled robots to estimate their position wrt starting location.
Types
Wheel odometry
Laser/Ultrasonic odometry
GPS
INS (Interval navigation system)
Visual Odometry (VO)
Encoders are fundamental robotics motion control as they provide accurate and precise feedback about angle, position, and speed.